How many words for snow?
by Keith Devlin @profkeithdevlin
This month’s post is a historical piece that looks back 25 years, and reprints an article I published in “Devlin’s Angle” in 1997. Society has moved on from then and, as is highlighted by the cartoon at the end, become much more aware of the problems that arise when one societal group views another through their own lens, especially if that lens assumes or conveys—or is perceived as conveying—a sense of superiority. The focus of the post will, I fear, always be called “the great Eskimo vocabulary hoax”, since that’s the title of the authoritative book on the subject by a world famous linguist, so I have retained that terminology throughout the reprint. Please view this as the historical perspective piece it is. There is much for all of us to learn from looking back in time at how we once were. KD
Devlin’s Angle first appeared just over a quarter-century ago, in January 1996. The target audience, then as now, is college and university math instructors, college and university mathematics students, mathematics high school teachers and students, and any member of society with an interest in mathematics.
I marked the 25th Anniversary of the launch in my January 2021 post, where I also provided links to the all the posts since the section began, today spread over several archives.
During January, as I started thinking about my topic for the February 2022 post, I wondered what I had chosen to write about 25-years previously, in February 1997. It turned out to be one of a number of math “mythbuster” pieces I have put out over the years (a thread starting long before the popular TV series by that name). Reading it again in an age where myths can be seeded and grow into “widely accepted facts” in just a few months via social media, it served as a reminder (to me, and hence likely others) that when it comes to myths, social media is simply an accelerant. Widely held false beliefs are as old as society itself.
With that new topicality slant, a modern Web layout, and the addition of a few images providing a lick of fresh paint, I thought I’d reproduce that February 1997 post here. The title of the essay is the one I used back then. (Like pi, I figure it’s okay to repeat myself every now and then, as long as I don’t do it regularly.)
Eskimo Pi (first published in February 1997)
As everyone knows, in the last century, the State of Indiana passed a law legislating the value of pi to be 3.
Well, perhaps it’s a bit of an exaggeration to say that everyone knows it, but most people do. But that alone is very odd, since it is not true.
If you go and search the records of the Indiana House of Representatives, what you will find is that there was a bill passed that related to pi, House Bill No. 246 to be precise. What this 1897 bill did was offer the State of Indiana an angle trisection, a cube duplication, and a circle quadrature. Obviously, a misguided amateur mathematician had managed to persuade a legislator that he had something of value to offer.
Though it passed in the House, the bill had less success when it went to the State Senate. Admittedly it is unlikely that any of the good senators of Indiana was able to evaluate the claims made in the bill, but they nevertheless had the good sense to consider it not a proper matter for the law. They postponed any action on the matter, and so it has remained ever since.
The full Indiana pi story (yes, there's more to it) is recounted by Underwood Dudley in his excellent book Mathematical Cranks, published by the MAA in 1992.
The odd thing about the whole affair is not that some midwestern crackpot deluded himself into thinking he had made a great mathematical discovery, nor that a bunch of busy lawmakers saw little harm in accepting what seemed like a free gift from one of their citizens. No, what is odd is the way the “legislating pi” story not only became established, but persevered in the face of all the facts. I have no great hopes that this article will be any more successful in stopping the myth any more than did the appearance of Dudley’s book.
At least we can console ourselves that we are not alone. Just about every discipline has its collection of enduring myths. For instance, what about that well-known observation that the Eskimos have hundreds of words for snow?
The standard explanation for this durable linguistic factoid is that snow plays an important part in the life of an Eskimo, so they need lots of ways to describe it. Both the observation and more expansive versions of the explanation can be found in numerous books and articles on linguistics. Unfortunately, for all its ubiquity, the observation is false, as is the familiar explanation.
Franz Boas, American linguist, “founder of American linguistics” (1858–1942)
The whole sorry saga was released to an eager world a few years ago in a book called The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax, written by the linguist Geoffrey Pullum, [then] of the University of California at Santa Cruz.
Pullum based his account on some fine detective work by the anthropologist Laura Martin.
According to Martin, as recounted by Pullum, the story has its origins in an observation of the founder of American linguistics, Franz Boas (1858–1942).
In 1911, in the introduction to his book Handbook of North American Indian Languages, Boas mentioned, in passing, that Eskimos have four distinct words for snow, aput for snow lying on the ground, gana for falling snow, piqsirpoq for drifting snow, and qimuqsuq for a snow drift, whereas English can only make similar distinctions by means of phrases involving the one word “snow” (such as “drifting snow”, “falling snow”, etc.).
And there things remained—no flurry of snow stories, if you will forgive the pun—until 1940, when Boas’s observation was picked up by a gentleman called Benjamin Lee Whorf, who included it in a popular article “Science and linguistics”, which was published in the MIT magazine Technology Review.
Whorf (1897–1941) had earned a degree in chemical engineering at MIT, became a fire prevention inspector with an insurance company in Hartford, Connecticut, and pursued linguistics as a hobby.
According to Whorf's Technology Review article, “We have the same word for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow, wind-driven flying snow—whatever the situation may be. To an Eskimo, this all-inclusive word would be almost unthinkable; he would say that falling snow, slushy snow, and so on, are sensuously and operationally different, different things to contend with; he uses different words for them and for other kinds of snow.”
Superb cartoon by Dave Coverly capturing the absurdity of one culture perceiving another as “strange”.
If you count up Whorf's examples, with the vague reference to “and other kinds of snow” counting conservatively as two, you arrive at a figure of seven Eskimo words for snow. That is already three up on Boas. And as Pullum points out, numeric inflation is not the only problem with this passage. It simply is not the case the English has only the one word for all those kinds of snow. What about the perfectly respectable English words slush, sleet and blizzard? To which one could arguably add the words flurry and dusting and the skiers’ words powder and pack.
With Whorf’s article released to the world at large, over the years the story spread far and wide. And as the story spread, so the number of words grew: ten, twenty, fifty, reaching as many as a hundred in a New York Times editorial on February 9, 1984. As Martin says, “We are prepared to believe almost anything about such an unfamiliar and peculiar group [as the Eskimos].” (What Martin would say about the good people of Indiana I’m not sure.)
So what is the real answer? How many words for snow do the Eskimos have? Well, such a question cannot possibly have a cut-and-dried answer. Which peoples are you going to count as “Eskimos”? There are a number of groups you might or might not include. What exactly do you mean by “a word”? If you allow derivation words, then English has a lot of words for snow: snowfall, snowbank, snowdrift, snowstorm, snowflake, and so on. However, if you decide to take a fairly hard line and ask for word roots, not derivations from those roots, then the answer varies between two and a dozen, depending on which peoples you count as Eskimos. That’s right, the most you can reasonably claim is about twelve Eskimo words for snow. Not many more than in English in fact.